{"id":101997,"date":"2026-03-09T10:01:15","date_gmt":"2026-03-09T03:01:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/scholar.com.vn\/?p=101997"},"modified":"2026-03-09T10:01:15","modified_gmt":"2026-03-09T03:01:15","slug":"tinh-toan-co-mau-power-analysis-trong-nghien-cuu-khoa-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scholar.com.vn\/tinh-toan-co-mau-power-analysis-trong-nghien-cuu-khoa-hoc\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00ednh to\u00e1n C\u1ee1 m\u1eabu &#038; Power Analysis trong Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Khoa h\u1ecdc"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0o<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>70\u201390%<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b\u00e0i b\u1ecb desk reject<\/span><\/td>\n<td><b>80%<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">power t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/span><\/td>\n<td><b>0.05<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng alpha ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/span><\/td>\n<td><b>6<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>01\u00a0 <\/b><b>L\u00fd do thi\u1ebfu m\u1eabu l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n b\u00e0i b\u00e1o b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n bi\u00ean t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed khoa h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ngay t\u1eeb v\u00f2ng desk review kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thi\u1ebfu gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u2014 m\u00e0 v\u00ec <\/span><b>c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Reviewer c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n Methods l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra ngay li\u1ec7u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Chu\u1ed7i nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1edb:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1eabu\u00a0 \u2192\u00a0 Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 statistical power\u00a0 \u2192\u00a0 K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c reviewer\u00a0 \u2192\u00a0 Desk rejection ho\u1eb7c major revision kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng \u2014 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb \u2014 th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec3u sai ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a power analysis. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn xem \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0o bi\u1ec3u m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong khi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, <\/span><b>power analysis l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed5 sung \u1edf cu\u1ed1i quy tr\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Button v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 (2013) \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean Nature Reviews Neuroscience, ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng median statistical power trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng <\/span><b>8\u201331%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2014 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi power qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng quan tr\u1ecdng. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong y h\u1ecdc l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng, t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>02\u00a0 <\/b><b>Power Analysis l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u2014 Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Power analysis \u2014 hay ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u1ef1c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u2014 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 (effect size) trong qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Hai lo\u1ea1i sai l\u1ea7m th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm<\/b><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u2717\u00a0 Type I Error (Sai l\u1ea7m lo\u1ea1i I)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>\u2713\u00a0 Type II Error (Sai l\u1ea7m lo\u1ea1i II)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t khi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf KH\u00d4NG c\u00f3<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn KH\u00d4NG c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t khi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 (False Positive)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00c2m t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 (False Negative)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng alpha (th\u01b0\u1eddng 0.05)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng power (th\u01b0\u1eddng 80%)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">X\u1ea3y ra khi alpha \u0111\u1eb7t qu\u00e1 cao ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">X\u1ea3y ra khi c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf \u2014 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3: k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 thu h\u1ed3i<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3: b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>B\u1eaby nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea (p &gt; 0.05) <\/span><b>KH\u00d4NG \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. R\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 power \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3. Reviewer t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Q1 s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n h\u1ecfi: &#8220;N\u1ebfu k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u00e2m t\u00ednh, power c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau?&#8221;. N\u1ebfu t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, b\u00e0i b\u00e1o g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn b\u1ecb reject ho\u1eb7c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u major revision to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u1ef1c quan: power gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi. K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i th\u1ea5p s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi khu\u1ea9n d\u00f9 vi khu\u1ea9n \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong m\u1eabu. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1edbi power th\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng d\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u2014 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u00e2m t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng mang nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>03\u00a0 <\/b><b>S\u00e1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu \u2014 Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb1ng sau con s\u1ed1<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thay v\u00ec ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c, ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb1ng sau t\u1eebng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, gi\u00fap nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1ea1i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn quy m\u00f4 m\u1eabu \u2014 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n ngay t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>1. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m ho\u1eb7c t\u0103ng m\u1eabu t\u1eeb 20\u201375%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cross-over c\u1ea7n \u00bc m\u1eabu so v\u1edbi parallel; pre-post c\u1ea7n \u00bd so v\u1edbi c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9ng ri\u00eang<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>2. Lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bi\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n \u00edt m\u1eabu h\u01a1n bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea cao h\u01a1n<\/span><\/td>\n<td><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Huy\u1ebft \u00e1p (li\u00ean t\u1ee5c) vs. c\u00f3\/kh\u00f4ng m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh (nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n)<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>3. Alpha (\u03b1)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alpha c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5p \u2192 c\u1ea7n m\u1eabu c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Type I error<\/span><\/td>\n<td><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03b1=0.05 cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng; \u03b1=0.01 cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u1edbn<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>4. \u0110\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch chu\u1ea9n (SD)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn \u2192 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u2192 c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eabu h\u01a1n<\/span><\/td>\n<td><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TNF-alpha (bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn) c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eabu h\u01a1n c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng s\u01a1 sinh<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>5. Effect size (MDD)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf \u2192 c\u1ea7n m\u1eabu r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn; kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn \u2192 c\u1ea7n \u00edt m\u1eabu<\/span><\/td>\n<td><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gi\u1ea3m 2 mmHg huy\u1ebft \u00e1p c\u1ea7n m\u1eabu l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3m 15 mmHg<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>6. Power (1-\u03b2)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Power 80% l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u; 90% cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch\/\u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb<\/span><\/td>\n<td><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Power 90% c\u1ea7n t\u0103ng ~30% c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu so v\u1edbi power 80%<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>3.1\u00a0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u2014 Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu. M\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00f4ng minh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ebfn 75% s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n tham gia, trong khi m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea9y quy m\u00f4 m\u1eabu l\u00ean m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3 thi v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu theo thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1eaft ch\u00e9o (cross-over): c\u1ea7n kho\u1ea3ng 1\/4 m\u1eabu so v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf song song c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u2014 v\u00ec m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3i qua c\u1ea3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 (between-subject variability)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ti\u1ec1n-sau (pre-post) m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m: c\u1ea7n kho\u1ea3ng 1\/2 m\u1eabu so v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, do m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u (one-tailed): gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng 20% c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu so v\u1edbi hai chi\u1ec1u \u2014 nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 randomize: c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 20% \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho nhi\u1ec5u do y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 confounding kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng attrition: lu\u00f4n c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam 10\u201320% cho c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c, m\u1ea5t d\u1ea5u theo d\u00f5i (loss to follow-up) ho\u1eb7c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu (missing data)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b>3.2\u00a0 Bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c \u2014 L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu theo c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp: c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho bi\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c (nh\u01b0 t-test hay ANOVA) c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh cho bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n (nh\u01b0 chi-square hay Fisher&#8217;s exact). Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t effect size th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u2717\u00a0 Bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n m\u1eabu l\u1edbn h\u01a1n<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>\u2713\u00a0 Bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n m\u1eabu nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span>Bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n: c\u00f3\/kh\u00f4ng (ti\u00eam vaccine, m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>Bi\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c: huy\u1ebft \u00e1p, c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 IL-6, VAS<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span>Bi\u1ebfn danh ngh\u0129a nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee9c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb: nh\u00f3m m\u00e1u, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>Bi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee9c: thang \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ed1ng<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span>C\u1ea7n m\u1eabu l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>C\u1ea7n m\u1eabu nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng effect size<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span>Kh\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t confounding b\u1eb1ng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span>Linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ed3i quy v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh covariates<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b>L\u01b0u \u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu m\u00e0 c\u00f2n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. M\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u01a1n bi\u1ebfn thay th\u1ebf (surrogate endpoint) ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec l\u00fd do ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m m\u1eabu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>3.3\u00a0 Effect Size v\u00e0 Minimum Detectable Difference \u2014 Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m nh\u1ea5t<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Effect size \u2014 hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 minimum detectable difference (MDD) \u2014 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m nh\u1ea5t trong t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng m\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa effect size v\u00e0 c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 ngh\u1ecbch bi\u1ebfn phi tuy\u1ebfn: mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu c\u1ea7n t\u0103ng theo h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 m\u0169, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ebf t\u1eafc:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8220;L\u00e0m sao bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc effect size khi ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u?&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u00f3 ba ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c reviewer ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">T\u1ed5ng quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 meta-analysis trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c li\u00ean quan \u2014 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady nh\u1ea5t<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u pilot ho\u1eb7c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n (baseline data) t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9: nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>L\u01b0u \u00fd:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> C\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 gi\u1eefa <\/span><b>statistical significance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> v\u00e0 <\/span><b>clinical significance.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1edbi c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t 0.3 mmHg huy\u1ebft \u00e1p v\u1edbi p &lt; 0.001 \u2014 nh\u01b0ng con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o. Ch\u1ecdn effect size ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0o cho ra p &lt; 0.05.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>3.4\u00a0 Alpha, Power v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch chu\u1ea9n \u2014 Ba th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alpha (\u03b1) ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t m\u1eafc Type I error. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u03b1 = 0.05, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn 5% kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn sai. V\u1edbi c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia ho\u1eb7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 \u03b1 = 0.01 ho\u1eb7c \u03b1 = 0.005 (ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi Benjamin v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2018 tr\u00ean Nature Human Behaviour) \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Power (1-\u03b2) \u2014 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf m\u1ee9c 80% \u2014 l\u00e0 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Type II error. Power 90% \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o cho c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng pha III, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u1edbn, ho\u1eb7c khi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u00e2m t\u00ednh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng. T\u0103ng t\u1eeb 80% l\u00ean 90% th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u0103ng c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu th\u00eam kho\u1ea3ng 30%.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0110\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch chu\u1ea9n (SD) c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1eeb can thi\u1ec7p c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb &#8220;ch\u00ecm&#8221; trong nhi\u1ec5u n\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eabu h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb SD n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb pilot study \u2014 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee7 quan.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>04\u00a0 <\/b><b>Power Analysis tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau thu th\u1eadp s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u \u2014 Hai \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng quan tr\u1ecdng<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Power analysis kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u2014 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 sau khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t. C\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 hai lo\u1ea1i power analysis n\u00e0y, v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u00e1o c\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>A priori (L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Post hoc (Di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A priori power analysis \u2014 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc thu th\u1eadp s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Post hoc power analysis \u2014 Sau ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u00e2m t\u00ednh (p &gt; 0.05)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Input: alpha, power mong mu\u1ed1n, effect size \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, SD<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Input: c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, alpha, effect size quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Output: N c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u2192 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Output: power th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u2192 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft journal Q1\/Q2 hi\u1ec7n nay<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quan tr\u1ecdng khi b\u00e1o c\u00e1o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u00e2m t\u00ednh; c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u01a1ng \/ pre-registration<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N\u1ebfu power &lt; 50%: k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u00e2m t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng tin<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Q1 (2022\u20132024):<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed nh\u01b0 JAMA, Lancet, BMJ hi\u1ec7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u pre-registration k\u00e8m power analysis tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thu th\u1eadp s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u (clinicaltrials.gov ho\u1eb7c OSF)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 journal \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng Registered Reports \u2014 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u00e0i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 power analysis, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi bi\u1ebft k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u2014 nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng publication bias<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B\u00e1o c\u00e1o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u00e2m t\u00ednh (null results) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu power \u2265 80% \u2014 v\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u00e2m t\u00ednh c\u00f3 power cao c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng khoa h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>05\u00a0 <\/b><b>Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng \u2014 Ranh gi\u1edbi quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u2014 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u2014 th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn: <\/span><b>p &lt; 0.05 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 reviewer t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 hai.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u2717\u00a0 Ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 theo p-value<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>\u2713\u00a0 Ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u00e0 l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n p &lt; 0.05 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 p &lt; 0.05 V\u00c0 effect size c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u1ee1 m\u1eabu r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u2192 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gi\u1ea3m huy\u1ebft \u00e1p 0.5 mmHg: p &lt; 0.001 v\u1edbi n=50.000<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gi\u1ea3m huy\u1ebft \u00e1p 5 mmHg: p &lt; 0.05 v\u1edbi n=200 \u2014 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D\u1ec5 b\u1ecb &#8220;p-hacking&#8221; ho\u1eb7c HARKing<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0110\u00f2i h\u1ecfi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh outcome v\u00e0 effect size tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thu s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nguy c\u01a1: k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp, g\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 robust, c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, nh\u00f3m t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 v\u00e0 ghi v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u01a1ng:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng (MCID \u2014 Minimum Clinically Important Difference)?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Effect size n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi y v\u0103n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n effect size \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi power bao nhi\u00eau?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ba c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 reviewer t\u1ea1i NEJM, JAMA, Lancet s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eb7t ra. Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba c\u00e2u n\u00e0y trong ph\u1ea7n Methods ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u00e0 minh b\u1ea1ch.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b>06\u00a0 <\/b><b>Checklist th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u2014 Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0o<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 checklist \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a CONSORT 2010 (cho RCT), STROBE (cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan s\u00e1t), v\u00e0 PRISMA (cho t\u1ed5ng quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng) \u2014 ba b\u1ed9 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong y v\u0103n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Checklist Power Analysis &amp; Sample Size:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh (primary outcome) \u2014 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5 (secondary outcomes)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c: nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n, danh ngh\u0129a, th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u2014 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn ph\u00e9p ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eabu ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tra c\u1ee9u y v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh effect size k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng (MDD\/MCID) c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 khoa h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh SD c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c t\u1eeb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c pilot study \u2014 kh\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u1ee7 quan<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0110\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng alpha ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u (0.05 cho h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft; 0.01 cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u1edbn)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0110\u1eb7t power t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 80% (90% cho RCT pha III ho\u1eb7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cao)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">T\u00ednh c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng: G*Power (mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed), PASS, ho\u1eb7c R packages (pwr, WebPower)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u1ed9ng th\u00eam 10\u201320% d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng cho attrition v\u00e0 missing data \u2014 n\u00eau r\u00f5 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong ph\u1ea7n Methods: ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra \u2014 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Xem x\u00e9t pre-registration t\u1ea1i ClinicalTrials.gov, ANZCTR, ho\u1eb7c OSF tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thu th\u1eadp s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b>L\u01b0u \u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch b\u00e1o c\u00e1o trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Power analysis trong ph\u1ea7n Methods c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i b\u00e1o <\/span><b>kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> vi\u1ebft ra c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u1eeba l\u00e0m n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n Methods v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i b\u00e1o.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e1ch b\u00e1o c\u00e1o chu\u1ea9n (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c reviewer Q1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn):<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8220;Sample size was calculated using G*Power 3.1. Assuming a mean difference of 5 mmHg in systolic blood pressure (SD = 12 mmHg, based on [reference]), with a two-sided alpha of 0.05 and 80% power, a minimum of 91 participants per group was required. Accounting for an estimated 15% dropout rate, we planned to enroll 108 participants per group.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 reviewer c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n g\u00ec th\u00eam.<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b>07\u00a0 <\/b><b>K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u2014 Power Analysis l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c<\/b><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span>Power analysis kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 bi\u1ec3u m\u1eabu. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 <\/span><b>b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng:<\/b><span> bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh \u0111ang t\u00ecm g\u00ec, c\u1ea7n bao nhi\u00eau b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u00e2m t\u00ednh c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ednh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>L\u00e0m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 power analysis \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt vi\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng m\u1ed5 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ee7 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 hi v\u1ecdng may m\u1eafn m\u1ec9m c\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u2014 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>V\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0o \u0111ang l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u2014 d\u00f9 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn v\u0103n th\u1ea1c s\u0129, \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf hay th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u2014 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: <\/span><b><i>&#8220;Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1ng tin?&#8221;<\/i><\/b><span> C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nghi\u00eam t\u00fac.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.scholar.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Power_Analysis_Guide_VietnamScholarHub.docx.pdf\">T\u1ea3i to\u00e0n v\u0103n PDF t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u00a9 B\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Vietnam ScholarHub\u00a0 |\u00a0 Kh\u00f4ng sao ch\u00e9p khi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p\u00a0 |\u00a0 Scholar.com.vn<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0o 70\u201390% b\u00e0i b\u1ecb desk reject 80% power t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t 0.05 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng alpha ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n 6 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu &nbsp; 01\u00a0 L\u00fd do thi\u1ebfu m\u1eabu l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n b\u00e0i b\u00e1o b\u1ecb [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":382,"featured_media":101998,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[166,279,104],"tags":[441,163,447,450,442,449,448],"coauthors":[377],"class_list":["post-101997","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-huong-dan","category-blog-chia-se","category-bo-cong-cu","tag-cong-bo-quoc-te","tag-nghien-cuu-khoa-hoc","tag-power-analysis","tag-statistical-power","tag-tap-chi-q1-q2","tag-thiet-ke-nghien-cuu","tag-tinh-toan-co-mau"],"vsh_author_info":{"id":"382","name":"Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u - Vietnam ScholarHub","avatar":"https:\/\/scholar.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ScholarHub-logo.png","is_verified":true,"workplace":"Vietnam ScholarHub","keywords":"research@scholar.com.vn"},"vsh_post_type":"standard","views":"447","citations":"0","altmetric":"0","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholar.com.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101997","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholar.com.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholar.com.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholar.com.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/382"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholar.com.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=101997"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/scholar.com.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101997\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholar.com.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/101998"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/scholar.com.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=101997"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholar.com.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=101997"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholar.com.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=101997"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scholar.com.vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=101997"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}